Pambuyo pa mayeso a matenda a nkhumba aku Africa ndi mliri wa dzombe ku East Africa, mliri watsopano wa korona wa chibayo ukukulitsa mitengo ya chakudya padziko lonse lapansi komanso vuto la kupezeka kwa chakudya, ndipo ukhoza kuyambitsa kusintha kosatha mu unyolo woperekera chakudya.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito chifukwa cha chibayo chatsopano cha korona, kusokonekera kwa unyolo wopereka zinthu komanso njira zotsekera zachuma zidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chakudya cha padziko lonse. Zochita za maboma ena zoletsa kutumiza tirigu kunja kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zapakhomo zitha kupangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire.
Mu msonkhano wa pa intaneti wokonzedwa ndi Globalization Think Tank (CCG), Matthew Kovac, mkulu wa Food Industry Association of Asia (FIA), adauza mtolankhani wochokera ku China Business News kuti vuto la kanthawi kochepa la unyolo wogulira ndi zizolowezi zogulira ogula. Kusinthaku kwakhudza makampani ophikira zakudya; m'kupita kwa nthawi, makampani akuluakulu azakudya akhoza kuchita zopanga zogawanika.
Mayiko osauka kwambiri ndi omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri
Malinga ndi deta yomwe yatulutsidwa posachedwapa ndi World Bank, mayiko 50 omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mliri watsopano wa crown pneumonia ndi 66% ya chakudya chomwe chimatumizidwa kunja padziko lonse lapansi. Gawoli limayambira pa 38% ya mbewu zosangalatsa monga fodya mpaka 75% ya mafuta a nyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso zatsopano ndi nyama. Kutumiza kunja zakudya zofunika monga chimanga, tirigu ndi mpunga kumadaliranso kwambiri mayikowa.
Mayiko omwe amapanga mbewu zambiri limodzi akukumananso ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha mliriwu. Mwachitsanzo, Belgium ndi imodzi mwa mayiko omwe amatumiza mbatata kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa malonda, Belgium sinangotaya malonda chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa malo odyera am'deralo, komanso kugulitsa kumayiko ena aku Europe kunayimitsidwa chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa malondawo. Ghana ndi imodzi mwa mayiko omwe amatumiza koko kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene anthu ankaganizira kwambiri kugula zinthu zofunika m'malo mwa chokoleti panthawi ya mliriwu, dzikolo linataya misika yonse ya ku Ulaya ndi Asia.
Katswiri wa zachuma wa World Bank, Michele Ruta, ndi ena, adati mu lipotilo ngati matenda a ogwira ntchito komanso kufunikira kwa anthu panthawi yotalikirana kungakhudze kwambiri kupezeka kwa zinthu zaulimi zomwe zimafuna anthu ambiri, ndiye kuti pambuyo pa mliriwu. Mu kotala lino, chakudya chotumizidwa kunja padziko lonse lapansi chikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi 6% mpaka 20%, ndipo chakudya chotumizidwa kunja cha zakudya zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mpunga, tirigu ndi mbatata, chingachepe ndi kupitirira 15%.
Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa European Union University Institute (EUI), Global Trade Alert (GTA) ndi World Bank, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo, mayiko ndi madera opitilira 20 akhazikitsa ziletso zina pa kutumiza chakudya kunja. Mwachitsanzo, Russia ndi Kazakhstan akhazikitsa ziletso zotumizira kunja tirigu, ndipo India ndi Vietnam akhazikitsa ziletso zotumizira kunja mpunga. Nthawi yomweyo, mayiko ena akufulumizitsa kutumiza kunja kuti asunge chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, Philippines ikusunga mpunga ndipo Egypt ikusunga tirigu.
Pamene mitengo ya chakudya ikukwera chifukwa cha mliri watsopano wa chibayo, boma likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zamalonda kuti likhazikitse mitengo ya m'dziko. Mtundu uwu wa chitetezo cha chakudya ukuwoneka ngati njira yabwino yoperekera chithandizo kwa magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri, koma kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotere ndi maboma ambiri nthawi imodzi kungapangitse kuti mitengo ya chakudya padziko lonse ikwere kwambiri, monga momwe zinalili mu 2010-2011. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za World Bank, mu kotala lotsatira kufalikira kwathunthu kwa mliriwu, kukwera kwa ziletso zotumiza kunja kudzapangitsa kuti chakudya chotumizidwa kunja chichepe ndi 40.1%, pomwe mitengo ya chakudya padziko lonse lapansi idzakwera ndi avareji ya 12.9%. Mitengo yayikulu ya nsomba, oats, ndiwo zamasamba ndi tirigu idzakwera ndi 25% kapena kuposerapo.
Zotsatirapo zoipa izi zidzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mayiko osauka kwambiri. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku World Economic Forum, m'maiko osauka kwambiri, chakudya chimawerengera 40%-60% ya chakudya chomwe amadya, chomwe ndi pafupifupi nthawi 5-6 kuposa chuma chotukuka. Nomura Securities' Food Vulnerability Index ili m'maiko ndi madera 110 kutengera chiopsezo cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya chakudya. Deta yaposachedwa ikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi mayiko ndi madera onse 50 omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukwera kwa mitengo ya chakudya Chuma chomwe chikukula chomwe chimawerengera pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa asanu a anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pawo, mayiko omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chakudya chochokera kunja ndi monga Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Yemen ndi Cuba. Mtengo wapakati wa chakudya m'maiko awa udzakwera ndi 15% mpaka 25.9%. Ponena za chimanga, kuchuluka kwa kukwera kwa mitengo m'maiko osauka komanso osatukuka omwe amadalira chakudya chochokera kunja kudzafika pa 35.7%.
"Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto pa dongosolo la chakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Kuwonjezera pa mliri womwe ukuchitika pano, palinso kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zifukwa zina. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosiyanasiyana pothana ndi vutoli." Mtsogoleri wa International Food Policy Research Institute, Johan Swinnen, adauza atolankhani a CBN kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchepetsa kudalira gwero limodzi logulira. "Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mupeza gawo lalikulu la chakudya choyambira kuchokera kudziko limodzi, unyolo wopereka ndi kutumiza kumeneku kumakhala pachiwopsezo. Chifukwa chake, ndi njira yabwino yopangira ndalama zogulira kuchokera kumalo osiyanasiyana. "Iye adatero."
Momwe mungasiyanitsire njira zoperekera zinthu
Mu Epulo, malo ophera nyama angapo ku US komwe ogwira ntchito adatsimikiza kuti anthu apezeka ndi matendawa adakakamizidwa kutseka. Kuphatikiza pa kuchepa kwa 25% kwa nkhumba, izi zidayambitsanso zotsatirapo zosalunjika monga nkhawa yokhudza kufunikira kwa chakudya cha chimanga. Lipoti laposachedwa la "World Agricultural Supply and Demand Forecast Report" lomwe latulutsidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Ulimi ku US likuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2019-2020 kungakhale pafupifupi 46% ya kufunikira kwa chimanga chapakhomo ku United States.
"Kutsekedwa kwa fakitale komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha mliri watsopano wa chibayo cha korona ndi vuto lalikulu. Ngati itsekedwa kwa masiku ochepa okha, fakitaleyo imatha kuwongolera kutayika kwake. Komabe, kuyimitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa kupanga sikungopangitsa kuti ma processor asakhale chete, komanso kumapangitsa ogulitsa awo kukhala osokonezeka." Anatero Christine McCracken, katswiri wamkulu mumakampani opanga mapuloteni a nyama ku Rabobank.
Kufalikira kwadzidzidzi kwa chibayo chatsopano cha korona kwakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta kwambiri pa unyolo wopereka chakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira kugwira ntchito kwa mafakitale a nyama ku United States mpaka kukolola zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ku India, ziletso zoyendera m'malire zasokonezanso kayendedwe kabwino ka ulimi wa alimi. Malinga ndi The Economist, United States ndi Europe zimafunikira antchito opitilira 1 miliyoni ochokera ku Mexico, North Africa ndi Eastern Europe chaka chilichonse kuti agwire ntchito yokolola, koma tsopano vuto la kusowa kwa antchito likuonekera kwambiri.
Pamene zikuvuta kwambiri kuti zinthu zaulimi zinyamulidwe kupita ku mafakitale ndi misika yokonza zinthu, minda yambiri imayenera kutaya kapena kuwononga mkaka ndi chakudya chatsopano chomwe sichingatumizidwe ku mafakitale okonza zinthu. Bungwe la Agricultural Products Marketing Association (PMA), lomwe ndi gulu lamalonda ku United States, linati zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zatsopano zoposa $5 biliyoni zawonongeka, ndipo mafakitale ena a mkaka ataya magaloni ambirimbiri a mkaka.
Limodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi okhudzana ndi chakudya ndi zakumwa, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wamkulu wa Unilever R&D, Carla Hilhorst, adauza atolankhani a CBN kuti unyolo wopereka zakudya uyenera kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu.
"Tidzafunika kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kusiyanasiyana, chifukwa tsopano kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga kwathu kumadalira kwambiri zosankha zochepa." Silhorst anati, "Pazinthu zathu zonse zopangira, kodi pali malo amodzi okha opangira? Kodi pali ogulitsa angati, kodi zipangizo zopangira zimapangidwa kuti, ndipo kodi omwe amapanga zinthu zopangira ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu? Kuyambira pamavuto awa, tikufunikabe kugwira ntchito yambiri."
Kovac adauza atolankhani a CBN kuti posachedwa, kusintha kwa unyolo wopereka chakudya ndi mliri watsopano wa chibayo cha korona kukuwonekera chifukwa cha kusintha kwachangu kwa kuperekera chakudya pa intaneti, komwe kwakhudza kwambiri makampani azakudya ndi zakumwa zachikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, malonda a McDonald's ku Europe atsika ndi pafupifupi 70%, ogulitsa akuluakulu asintha kugawa, mphamvu yogulitsira zakudya pa intaneti ya Amazon yawonjezeka ndi 60%, ndipo Wal-Mart yawonjezera anthu 150,000 omwe adalemba ntchito.
Pamapeto pake, Kovac anati: “Makampani angafune kupanga zinthu zambiri mtsogolo. Kampani yaikulu yokhala ndi mafakitale ambiri ingachepetse kudalira kwake fakitale inayake. Ngati kupanga kwanu kuli m’dziko limodzi, mungaganizire zopanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ogulitsa olemera kapena makasitomala.”
"Ndikukhulupirira kuti liwiro la makampani opanga chakudya omwe ali okonzeka kuyika ndalama lidzawonjezeka. Mwachionekere, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa panthawiyi kudzakhudza magwiridwe antchito, koma ndikuganiza kuti ngati muyang'ana mmbuyo mu 2008 (kuchuluka kwa chakudya komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zoletsa zotumiza chakudya kunja m'maiko ena) Pankhani ya vuto), makampani azakudya ndi zakumwa omwe ali okonzeka kuyika ndalama ayenera kuti adawona kukula kwa malonda, kapena osachepera bwino kuposa makampani omwe sanayikepo ndalama." Kovac adauza mtolankhani wa CBN.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-06-2021